Modern Discourses on Religious Pluralism and Iqbal’s Intellectual Insight: A Comparative and Analytical Study

Abstract

This article examines modern theories of “Religious Pluralism” and compares them with Allama Muhammad Iqbal’s philosophical and theological perspective. By analyzing western thinkers, the study contrasts Western pluralistic approaches with Iqbal’s vision rooted in revelation, reason, and spiritual experience within the framework of Tawhid. The research shows that while Iqbal accepts religious diversity as a natural and divine reality, he rejects the idea that all religions are doctrinally equal. His pluralism is ethical and civilizational, emphasizing tolerance, dialogue, and mutual respect without compromising the absoluteness of divine revelation, offering a principled foundation for contemporary interfaith harmony and peaceful coexistence.