Makhz (Research Journal)

Feminist Discussions in Brahui Poetry: A Research Review

Faiza Ali Shah, Prof. Dr Manzoor Baloch — Sat, 05 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Feminism is a movement that originated in the West, aimed at fighting against the oppression and exploitation faced by women in society and advocating for their rights and issues. In the Brahui society, which is known for its conservative nature, women are still exploited under the name of Suryat (a social practice), and are subjected to blood money. If a woman dares to assert herself by choosing her life partner, she is condemned as immoral and silenced. Poetry, which is often regarded as the voice of revolution, depicts the highs and lows of society, attempting to reform it. However, the majority of Brahui poets have shown criminal neglect in addressing these matters. Even in this modern age, their poetry remains focused on the beauty of nature, the features and charms of the beloved, and the delicate nuances of romanticism. In Brahui society, the attitude towards women, under the guise of customs and traditions, has never been openly criticized in poetry or prose. Among Brahui poets, Professor Tahira Ehsaas Jattak and Afzal Murad are two poets who have openly or subtly, through hints and allusions, addressed feminist themes in their work.

Elements of Tragedy in The Writings of Krishan Chander

Dr. Syed Nadeem Jafar — Sat, 12 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0500

This paper explores the fictional universe of Krishan Chander, a prominent voice in modern South Asian literature, whose work is marked by exceptional versatility and emotional resonance. Focusing on seminal novels such as Shikast, Ghadar, Barf Ke Phool, Ek Aurat Hazaar Diwaane, and Aasmaan Roshan Hai, the study delves into the recurring themes of defeat, love, social alienation, and moral conflict. Through a critical examination of narrative structures and thematic depth, this research highlights how Chander’s fiction not only foregrounds the anguish of the common man but also critiques the deep-rooted social evils plaguing society. Central to his work are depictions of historical trauma, personal grief, and the disruption of traditional values, all set against the backdrop of class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. With a tone of empathy and sharp social commentary, Chander’s narratives offer a stark reflection on human suffering and tragedy, positioning his literature as a profound lens through which the fractured realities of modern South Asia can be understood.

Rehman Baba: The Poet of Allegories

Hassan Zaib, Dr. Asal Marjan (Muhib Wazir) — Tue, 22 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0500

This study examines the use of allegory in the poetry of Rahman Baba, a renowned Pashto classical poet. The research aims to demonstrate how Rahman Baba effectively employs allegory in his work. The findings of this study reveal that Rahman Baba's mastery of allegory is a hallmark of his poetic style. The study concludes that a detailed analysis of Rahman Baba's poetry, as well as that of other Pashto classical poets, is necessary to further identify and understand the allegorical elements in their work. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of Pashto classical poetry and its literary devices.

Tanqedi Istalahat ka Touzeehe mutala, "Muqadma Sher-o-Sha'eri k Tanazar Mein"

Dr. Gul Abbas Awan — Tue, 22 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0500

"Muqaddama e Shair o Shairi" by Altaf Hussein Hali is one of the books which can be called the first recognized book on criticism in Urdu. Before it, we have only sentences which give a hint of "Ta'assurati Tanqeed" (Expressional Criticism) in the context of fasahat o balaghat, ilme uruz, ilme qafia, but Hali took it seriously and theorized the discipline of criticism. He made use of the concepts of Western critics like Milton and maintained the necessity of simplicity, ability and passion in poetry. Similarly he stressed the importance of imagination, the study of the universe and eloquence of words to achieve excellence in poetry. For this purpose, he made his point clear in "Muqaddama e Shair o Shairi" by using many current and new terms. This article will analyze these terms and trops used by Hali in this book in order to highlight the significance of this very first book on literary criticism in Urdu. Hali belonged to the Sir Sayyed school of thought. This school was founded on the purposeful literature. The terms used by Hali revolve around this thought, which accorded literature with the socio-political and cultural consciousness of the age. Many of these terms are used frequently in Urdu, but Hali has given Urdu literary criticism a new dimension by imparting these terms new meanings. In this connection, it was quite essential to analyze these terms.