Makhz (Research Journal)

Natural Intelligence vs Artificial Intelligence: A Comparative Study of Creative Potential

Shehar Bano, Dr. Mustansar Hussain Jami — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0500

This research article presents a comparative study of natural intelligence and artificial intelligence with special reference to creativity, cognitive abilities, and practical applications. The study explains that natural intelligence is based on human consciousness, emotions, intuition, ethical understanding, and lived experiences, whereas artificial intelligence functions through algorithms, data processing, and machine learning systems. It highlights that although AI has achieved remarkable progress in speed, accuracy, and information analysis, it still lacks self-awareness, emotional depth, moral reasoning, and genuine creative consciousness. Human intelligence remains unique because of its ability to innovate, interpret meanings, and adapt creatively to changing situations. The research concludes that artificial intelligence should be regarded as a supportive and complementary tool rather than a replacement for human intelligence, as the essence of human creativity and consciousness cannot be fully replicated by machines.

Economic Inequalities and the Future of the Earth: A Study in the Context of Contemporary Poetry

Hadia Sehar, Dr. Naila Anjum — Sat, 09 May 2026 00:00:00 +0500

This article explores the interconnected themes of economic inequality and the future of the Earth through the lens of Urdu poetry. It examines how Urdu poets have expressed concerns about social injustice, unequal distribution of wealth, environmental degradation, and the growing crisis of human exploitation of natural resources. The study argues that Urdu poetry is not merely a medium of aesthetic expression but also a powerful voice of social and ecological consciousness. By analyzing selected poetic works, the article highlights the relationship between economic disparities, environmental imbalance and the ethical responsibilities of humanity. It further demonstrates that Urdu poets have consistently emphasized values such as justice, equality, compassion and harmony with nature as essential foundations for a sustainable future. The research concludes that Urdu poetry offers valuable insights into contemporary global challenges and encourages a balanced approach to economic development and environmental preservation.

The Role of Dastan (Epics) in Science Fiction: An Analytical Study of Futuristic Innovations in Classical Urdu Prose (With Special Reference to Tilism-e-Hoshruba

Lubna Bibi, Dr. Nazar Khaleeq — Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 +0500

This research article explores the intricate and fascinating relationship between classical Urdu *Dastan* (romances/epics) and modern Science Fiction. While science fiction fundamentally relies on scientific rationalism, technology, and plausible extrapolation, classical *Dastans* are traditionally rooted in the realm of the supernatural, magic and metaphysics. However, a deeper textual analysis reveals that these tales often envisioned advanced technological concepts that mirror contemporary scientific achievements. The study highlights early motifs of science fiction found in canonical texts such as Bagh-o-Bahar Fasana-e-Ajaiab, and predominantly, Tilism-e-Hoshruba. It critically examines the celebrated intellectual Ashfaq Ahmed's viewpoint, who declared Tilism-e-Hoshruba as Urdu's first "Science Fiction.By decoding the allegorical layers of magic, the paper analyzes how classical writers like Muhammad Husain Jah and Ahmed Husain Qamar anticipated modern innovations such as robotics (mechanical humans), live monitoring (video calling/satellites via Tasht-e-Bilqis), voice recognition, biologica 'chemical warfare, and genetic cloning. The research concludes that due to the unavailability of scientific vocabulary in 19th-century colonial India, the imaginative foresight of these writers manifested through the terminology of magic, proving that classical Urdu epics successfully laid the earliest imaginative seeds of contemporary science fiction.

Geographical Boundaries and Muslims: An Analytical and Critical Study

Dr. Muhammad Asif, Dr. Zeeshan Tabassum, Dr. Muhammad Ashraf — Thu, 21 May 2026 00:00:00 +0500

"Geographical Boundaries and Muslims" was written by Allama Iqbal in response to Hussain Ahmad Madani’s theory of nationalism. Madani propagated that nations are formed on the basis of land. In reply, Iqbal withstands Madani’s idea of land- based nationalism and contends that nations are not created by land but by shared morality and religion. In this essay, Iqbal also critically examined the Western concept of nationalism, unmasking its inhumane and destructive aspects, and in contrast, he proposed the humanity-affirming and universal Islamic concept of Millat (the Muslim Ummah). On this foundation, Iqbal asserted the independent identity of Muslims in India, which ultimately led to the conception of a separate state based on the Two-Nation Theory. This article aims to conduct critical analysis of the background, context, significance, and key ideas of “Geographical Boundaries and Muslims.

A Research and Critical Study of Munsha Yad's “Munshaiye”

Amir Inam Ul Haq, Dr. Talib Hussain Hashmi — Mon, 25 May 2026 00:00:00 +0500

This research presents a critical study of the intellectual, artistic and stylistic dimensions of Munshaiye, an important prose work by the distinguished Urdu writer Munsha Yad. The book is a rich collection of essays, literary sketches, memoirs, travelogues, critical writings and reflective prose that portrays the author's literary vision, cultural consciousness and creative excellence. The primary objective of this study is to explore the intellectual depth, artistic qualities and stylistic uniqueness of Munshaiye and to evaluate its contribution to modern Urdu prose. The study adopts a qualitative research methodology based on textual, descriptive and analytical approaches. It critically examines the thematic diversity of the book, including its portrayal of literary personalities, social values, cultural traditions, humor, satire, literary criticism, and human experiences. Particular attention has been paid to Munsha Yad's narrative techniques, language, diction, imagery, characterization and aesthetic expression. The research further investigates the balance between creative imagination and critical insight that characterizes the author's prose. The findings reveal that Munshaiye is not merely a collection of literary essays but a significant literary document reflecting the intellectual and cultural landscape of its time. Munsha Yad's lucid language, objective criticism, subtle humor and realistic observations enrich the artistic value of the work and establish his distinctive place in contemporary Urdu literature. His writings successfully combine literary scholarship with creative expression, making the book a valuable source for understanding modern Urdu prose and literary criticism. The study concludes that Munshaiye possesses enduring literary significance and provides a strong foundation for further research in Urdu prose, stylistics, and literary criticism.