Makhz (Research Journal)

Satire and Humor in the Balochi Language and Literature: A Critical Study

2025-10-02T17:12:25+05:00

Satire and humor have played a significant role in shaping the literary tradition of Balochi, extending beyond modern literature to its neo-classical and classical phases. Classical poetry in Bewargh and Granaz Romantic story incorporated humor and satire in their love story, while in the neo-classical period, the poetry of Tawkali Mast stands as a prominent example. In the modern era, poets including Muhammad Mortani, Akram Sahib Khan, Abid Askani, and Phullan Umar have continued this tradition with notable contributions. Similarly, modern Balochi prose has witnessed the emergence of distinguished satirists such as Muhammad Baig Baigul, Sikkik Azat, Tariq Peshukani, and Essa Gul, who have significantly enriched the genre. The objective of this paper is to examine the contributions of these poets and prose writers, highlighting their role in cultivating satire and humor within the broader framework of Balochi literature. This study seeks to underscore the richness and diversity of Balochi literary expression, particularly in the domain of satire and humor, thereby situating Balochi literature within the global literary landscape.

A Brief Study of the Works of the Writers, Researchers, and Critics of Sindhi Literature

2025-10-07T18:08:46+05:00

Sindhi is an ancient language whose evolution and development journey are different centuries. Sindhi writers, researchers and critics have been promoting their language in literary annals by presenting the best creations, researches and criticisms in Sindhi language on various aspects, highlighting the history, civilization and culture of Sindhi. From ancient times to the present 21st century, Sindhi literature has achieved historical status. Many Creator, researcher, and critical thinker is a visionary who weaves together the threads of art, science, and philosophy to create innovative and thought-provoking works. With a poet's sensitivity and a researcher's rigor, this individual navigates the complexities of human experience, seeking to understand and interpret the world in all its beauty and complexity. Through their work, they challenge assumptions, spark new ideas, and inspire others to think critically and creatively.

A Critical Study of Linguistic Deviation in Novel “Qurbat e Marg Main Muhabat”

2025-10-07T18:14:16+05:00

The study of the linguistic tradition of the Urdu novel indicates that until the twentieth century its language largely conformed to conventional frameworks, where style, syntax, metaphors, similes and orthography reflected the classical expectations of readers. However, the twenty-first-century novelist departed from these conventions by introducing novelty and individuality into language. Different forms of linguistic deviation; syntactic, semantic, morphological and orthographic; emerge as deliberate creative practices within the narrative. Such deviations are not merely acts of breaking tradition; rather, they expand the expressive scope of the language, infuse the text with freshness and open new intellectual and aesthetic possibilities for the reader. Thus, through these linguistic experiments, the Urdu novel contributes not only to the evolution of literary tradition but also offers new dimensions for linguistic scholarship. The current paper focuses on the study of linguistic deviation in the novel “Qurbat e Marg Main Muhabat” by Mustansar Hussain Tarar.

The founder of the English Essay (Light Essay): 'Francis Bacon' - Research and Criticism

2025-10-09T10:54:32+05:00

This paper explores the development of Essay from infancy to maturity. As usual, it started in French with the writings of Montaign. Montaign’s influence was very strong on Francis Bacon who developed it and fit medium for his pragmatic philosophy on range of topics concerning human existence. His Essays are full of worthy wisdom and writthen in terse English. He also brought his scientific understandings in to its main theme thereby making Essays a genere of the sort to be reckoned with. This is significant as, subsequent writers made it at apt vehicle/medium of expression in prose. This study is significant as it not only traces its development but also critique the ways Bacon popularized and brought Essays to the zenith of the standard. The study concludes that this development of Essay in the hands of Bacon was instrumental in not only enlarging the scope of the genre but also encouraged many to test their muscles in prose rather than in verses.

Urdu Ghazals and New Requirements: An Analysis

2025-10-16T16:34:50+05:00

Ghazal is a classical traditional genre, it has been influenced by modernity, but not in the way that novels, short stories and poems have been. Nevertheless, if we study this genre in depth, the ghazal created before the Second World War in response to the capitalist system, the ghazal written artificially in the sixties under the influence of the modernist movement, and the naturally modern ghazal sung in the last quarter of a century, all three experiences seem different. The ghazal that is being sung in Urdu today is naturally compatible with modern life in every respect, in its vocabulary, metaphors and symbols, and subject and thought. The era of modernity in Pakistani society is the present, therefore, modern ghazals in the true sense have been being written since the last quarter of a century. Our naive critics who are looking for post-modernity in Urdu are just like we were looking for modernity in the sixties. This is a needle in a haystack, and as a result, when they look for postmodernism in a work of art, the work of art does not confirm it because it is entirely a product of the effects of postmodernism.

Characters of the Balochi Folk Tale: An Artistic and Narrative Analysis

2025-10-17T18:21:16+05:00

The characters of Balochi folk tales embody the collective consciousness, cultural values, and moral imagination of the Baloch society. Rooted in oral tradition, these characters, ranging from kings, queens, and shepherds to tricksters, lovers, and spiritual figures, reflect the community’s ideals of bravery, loyalty, wisdom, and justice. Through symbolic and archetypal roles, they illustrate the tension between fate and free will, good and evil, and individual and collective identity. Female characters often emerge as powerful symbols of endurance and wisdom, while male figures represent courage and leadership within tribal and moral frameworks. The narrative structure and characterization in Balochi folklore are not merely entertainment but serve as moral, philosophical, and social commentary, linking mythic imagination with historical experience. This study explores how these characters construct cultural identity and express the poetic truth of Baloch collective existence.

Environmental and Climatic Changes in Contemporary Urdu Poetry: A Creative Narrative

2025-10-21T13:17:44+05:00

This study explores the representation of environmental and climatic changes in contemporary Urdu poetry, examining how poets respond creatively to the global ecological crisis. Through a close reading of selected modern poems, the paper investigates how Urdu poets engage with themes such as climate disruption, environmental degradation, deforestation, pollution, and the loss of natural harmony. The research highlights how poetic imagination transforms environmental concerns into powerful metaphors of human alienation, moral decay, and the fractured relationship between man and nature. It also emphasizes the role of Urdu poetry as a creative and ethical medium that not only reflects ecological anxieties but also advocates for environmental awareness and sustainability. The study situates these poetic expressions within the broader framework of eco-criticism and environmental humanities, revealing how Urdu poets merge aesthetics with activism to construct a compelling ecological consciousness in contemporary literature.

Cultural and Historical artifacts in Muhamnad Waseem's Novel "Dhadari

2025-10-21T16:54:52+05:00

Muhammad Waseem Shahid’s novel Dhadhri offers a vivid portrayal of the rich cultural and historical heritage of Dhadhar, a significant yet often overlooked region in Balochistan. Through his personal memories and detailed storytelling, Waseem Shahid highlights Dhadhar’s ancient roots, linking it to civilizations even older than Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. The novel describes how the area became a crossroads for armies and traders, creating a diverse and unique local culture. It captures daily life, from simple village breakfasts and the importance of radio news to the peaceful coexistence of Muslim and Hindu children in schools. Waseem Shahid also emphasizes the strong community bonds, respect for religious figures, and the traditional hospitality that defined Dhadhar. By combining historical events with personal experiences, Dhadhri beautifully preserves and celebrates the spirit of a region full of resilience and cultural depth.

The Formation of the Concept of the Believer: A Philosophical and Critical Study of Bayazid Ansari’s Muqṣad al-Mu'minīn

2025-10-29T17:06:30+05:00

This research offers a philosophical and critical examination of Muqṣad al-Mu'minīn (The Objective of the Believers), the seminal work of the 16th-century Sufi philosopher Bayazid Ansari, also known as Pīr Roshan. The study interprets this text as the culmination of Ansari’s intellectual and spiritual development, reflecting a mature synthesis of his earlier works, Sirat al-Tawhid and Khayr al-Bayan. The paper argues that Ansari envisions Iman (faith) not as a fixed creed but as an evolving process of inner transformation and spiritual realization leading toward Divine proximity. Within this framework, the Mu’min (believer) is one who progresses through a disciplined spiritual path under the guidance of a Murshid Kamil (Perfect Guide), attaining purity of heart and unity with Divine truth. His system integrates Shari‘ah, Tariqah, and Ma‘rifah within a coherent vision of human perfection, where the heart, intellect, and soul harmoniously contribute to the realization of Tawhid (Divine Oneness). The study concludes that Muqṣad al-Mu'minīn is not merely a devotional manual but a comprehensive ethical and philosophical treatise. It presents a sophisticated model of the “Perfect Believer” grounded in sincerity, self-knowledge, and spiritual balance—an approach that remains profoundly relevant in addressing modern crises of faith, morality, and existential purpose.

Amna Mufti's Environmental Consciousness in the Context of Novel"Pani Mur Raha Hai

2025-10-29T17:11:42+05:00

Amna Mufti is a playwright, columnist, novelist and storyteller. Her novel "Pani Mur Raha Hai" gained much fame due to its style, story and narration. It consists of using the experience of dramatization in the novel and has specially arranged the drama in it. This is a warning about the dying rivers and their vengeance, a prophecy that, if not heeded, will bring great floods or dooms of famine and drought. This novel is one that tries to attract our attention and that of our policymakers towards the pressing national and humanitarian problem. It highlights an issue we often take for granted in our normal thinking. This problem may not be serious in the present situation, but in the coming days, there has been a discussion all over the world that water scarcity could lead to a series of global catastrophe.

Urdu Opera: An Analysis

2025-10-29T17:17:30+05:00

“Opera” is a lyrical drama, whose dialogues are sung to the tune of music in the form of poems. As if both poetry and lyrics are essential in an opera, otherwise it does not deserve to be called an opera. A drama in which the musical element predominates is called opera. In grand opera, every dialogue is sung. Initially, this method was considered formal and imitative. In early Italian opera, only ancient Greek and Latin stories were selected for the above. And all the people were given the opportunity to show their essence in turn. Thus, continuity was not maintained in the play. Gluck was the first to raise his voice against this. He and his like-minded artist Deborah created a type of opera like Diegans. Italy, Russia and France have produced famous opera writers. In England, opera is not very popular except for a few plays. It is also called lyrical allegory. The ancient history of drama suggests that opera was performed in the theaters of Greece and Italy, but its revival began in Italy in the 1600s.

A Research Review of the Genres of Brahui Folk Poetry

2025-10-31T12:57:31+05:00

This article explores the diverse forms of Brahui folk poetry, a vital component of the oral tradition of the Brahui-speaking communities in Balochistan and surrounding regions. Rooted in centuries-old cultural practices, Brahui folk poetry encompasses a wide range of genres, including Loli (lullabies), Nazenk (love songs), Leko (epic and heroic ballads) and ritualistic verses used in weddings, mourning, and seasonal celebrations. Each genre reflects the social values, historical consciousness, and emotional expressions of the Brahui people. The study examines the structural characteristics, thematic elements, and performance contexts of these poetic forms, highlighting their role in preserving collective memory and reinforcing cultural identity. By documenting and analyzing these traditions, the article contributes to the broader understanding of indigenous literary forms and the need for their preservation in the face of modernization and linguistic decline

Various Manifestations of Feminine and Social Oppression in Fehmida Riaz's Poetry

2025-11-02T17:59:31+05:00

Fahmida Riaz is a reliable reference in Urdu poetry. Her status among female poets is like the sun in the solar system. The main reference of her poetry is feminism and social oppression. The echo of revolution is also heard in her feminism poetry, and it is through feminism poetry that we can find out the separate existence of women and the political, social and religious problems faced by women. She did not resort to any external ideology in presenting feminism topics, but the statement of feminism issues and the presentation of social oppression topics are purely the result of her inner motivation. She raises a painful rebellion against all kinds of oppression against women, and at the same time she highlights social problems, and she also comes forward as a soldier of the vanguard against all kinds of oppression in society.

Night Bitten Traveller / “Shap Jatin Rahi”

2025-11-10T13:21:21+05:00

Gani Parwaz is a famous fiction writer in the Balochi Literature. In his literary journey he started from the poetry and published two poetry collection named “Kassi Nahan Matin watan” and “Mosun ent Wadarani” but he realized that he can express himself in the field of fiction easily. He devoted himself in the field of Balochi fiction and published many collection of short stories e.g “Sankal”, “Mehr pa baha Gipt na beet”, “Murtagin Mard e pachin cham”, “bandin cham keh pach bant” and “Sarshap e marg”.Parwaz is most famous for his romantic novels also.He also writes in Urdu and English.This paper is about his novel “Night Bitten Traveller / Shap Tajin Rahi”.Basically the story of the novel is about a villager and his love, shifted in to a town for his study.

Impact of Attar’s “Conference of the Birds” on Bano Qudsia’s Novel “Raja Gidh”: A Comparative Study

2025-11-13T12:13:20+05:00

The Urdu novel emerged in the 19th century, with Deputy Nazir Ahmed's publication of Mirat-ul-Uroos in 1869, recognized as the first Urdu novel. Among contemporary novelists, Bano Qudsia and Mustansar Hussain Tarar were notably influenced by Farid al-Din Attar, drawing inspiration from his masnavi "Conference of the Birds" in their own works. Bano Qudsia's novel Raja Gidh reflects this influence, echoing themes and motifs from Attar’s classic. Similarly, in 2018, Mustansar Hussain Tarar published "Conference of the Birds. Modern", a novel that also draws upon Attar's masnavi. This research provides a detailed examination and comparison of Bano Qudsia’s novel "Raja Gidh" with Attar’s masnzvi "Conference of the Birds".

Pronominal Clitics in Brahui Language

2025-11-18T17:14:00+05:00

Brahui, an ancient Dravidian language spoken predominantly in parts of Pakistan Iran and Afghanistan, exhibits an intricate system of pronominal clitics, contributing to the flexibility and dynamism of its syntax. This research paper investigates the usage and positioning of pronominal clitics in Brahui, Specifically, it focuses on the pronominal clitics tā (3PL), ta (3SG), and ka (1SG), examining their role in sentence construction and their impact on word order. In Brahui, the normal word order follows Subject-Object-Verb (SOV), as exemplified in sentences like "I asked him" (ī oṛān harrifeṭ). However, pronominal clitics, when combined with a preposed case suffix, can alter the word order to Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). This paper aims to explore the reasons behind this shift in word order, the grammatical implications of pronominal clitics, and the syntactic structures that accommodate such changes. Through an analysis of linguistic data and examples from Brahui texts, it seeks to contribute to our understanding of the syntactic flexibility and morphological complexity of Brahui, shedding light on the intricate interplay between pronominal clitics and word order in the language.

A Critical Study of Bashir Ahmad Nahvi’s Iqbaliyat Articles

2025-11-20T14:20:26+05:00

Allama Iqbal’s philosophy, poetry and thought. His scholarly articles reflect a profound engagement with Iqbal’s ideological, philosophical and literary dimensions. This study undertakes a critical analysis of Nahvi’s Iqbaliyat writings, focusing on their thematic, conceptual and methodological frameworks. The research examines how Bashir Nahvi interprets Iqbal’s ideas on selfhood (Khudi), spiritual awakening, socio-political reform and educational philosophy, situating his interpretations within the broader discourse of modern Urdu literary criticism. By critically evaluating Nahvi’s perspectives, the study highlights his contribution to understanding Iqbal’s multifaceted personality, his philosophical depth, and his vision for individual and societal development. Moreover, the analysis explores Nahvi’s literary style, argumentation techniques, and scholarly rigor, demonstrating how his writings bridge classical Urdu literary traditions with contemporary critical approaches. Through this investigation, the research not only emphasizes Nahvi’s role as a mediator between Iqbal’s thought and modern readers but also identifies the unique analytical lenses he employs to elucidate complex philosophical concepts. The study underscores the enduring relevance of Nahvi’s interpretations in contemporary Iqbaliyat scholarship and offers insights for future research in Urdu literary studies. Ultimately, this critical examination affirms that Bashir Ahmad Nahvi’s contributions serve as an invaluable resource for scholars, researchers, and students seeking a nuanced understanding of Iqbal’s intellectual and literary legacy.Bashir Ahmad Nahvi has been a distinguished scholar in the field of Urdu literature, particularly in Iqbaliyat, the study of

Modern Discourses on Religious Pluralism and Iqbal’s Intellectual Insight: A Comparative and Analytical Study

2025-11-20T14:37:23+05:00

This article examines modern theories of “Religious Pluralism” and compares them with Allama Muhammad Iqbal’s philosophical and theological perspective. By analyzing western thinkers, the study contrasts Western pluralistic approaches with Iqbal’s vision rooted in revelation, reason, and spiritual experience within the framework of Tawhid. The research shows that while Iqbal accepts religious diversity as a natural and divine reality, he rejects the idea that all religions are doctrinally equal. His pluralism is ethical and civilizational, emphasizing tolerance, dialogue, and mutual respect without compromising the absoluteness of divine revelation, offering a principled foundation for contemporary interfaith harmony and peaceful coexistence.

The Role of MUSLIM Institute in Promoting the Teachings of Hadrat Sultan Bahoo

2025-11-21T16:21:07+05:00

Sultan Bahoo, the eminent Sufi of the Sarwari Qadri Order, is widely recognized across the world from the Subcontinent, now Pakistan. He authored around hundred and forty (140) books all in Persian except Punjabi poetry known as Abyat-e Bahoo. Unfortunately, though manuscripts of number of his books are not yet available, the available books have started gaining scholarly attraction in recent decades owing to the works of descendants of Sultan Bahoo through the academic works by establishing research centers, and scholarly forums dedicated to the study, translation, and dissemination of Sultan Bahoo’s vision. Among his distinguished descendants, Sahibzada Sultan Muhammad Ali, Sahibzada Sultan Ahmed Ali and Sahibzada Sultan Muhammad Bahadar Aziz the sons of Sultan Muhammad Asghar Ali, have carried forward the spiritual legacy of their forefathers with strong determination. Under their guidance, the banner of “Sultan Bahoo Studies” which, in essence, is the banner of Islam itself has been raised once again. The international think tank MUSLIM Institute established by them has a dedicated desk for Sultan Bahoo Studies and the promotion of the Sufi teachings. This paper analyses how this Institute has played pivotal role in not only disseminating the scholarly works of Sultan Bahoo but also attracting the scholars from leading academic institutions worldwide to conduct research on his manuscripts, poetry, teachings and different aspects of his life. The paper also explores the methods adopted by the Institute in contemporary era and sheds light of their effectiveness.

The Unique Style and Diction of Atta Shad’s Poetry

2025-11-27T14:59:28+05:00

Atta Shad poeticized and innovated a separate and unrivalled poetic diction and style in his two poetic genres of Ode and common rhymes. He began versifying Balochi poetry in 1956. At that time, all contemporary Baloch poets, excluding Sayyad Zahoor Shah Hashmi and Mohammad Hussain Unqa, fluently composed their poetic thoughts and ideas in Urdu poetic diction and style whereas Atta Shad explored an excellent zest of using Balochi Poetic Diction and Style. On account of his great mastery of pure Balochi Prosody, Atta Shad is famed and renowned for his innovative form of Balochi Poetic Diction and Style in the history of Modern Balochi Poetry. Today, nearly every Baloch poet aspires to compose poetry inspired by the excellence of Atta Shad’s poetic diction and stylistic innovations. Atta Shad's poetry is structured with an abundance of modern and classical vocabulary renewing uniqueness into their meanings, which can figuratively be seen and observed into the insights of allusion, metaphor, simile, irony, imagery, symbolism, personification, paradox and many others in a figurative language. In this research paper, all these literary elements of Atta Shad's poetry have been primarily focused and explored in a comparative framework.

Existential Philosophy in the Characters of "Hassan ki Soort-e-Hall"

2025-12-02T13:53:49+05:00

“Hassan Ki Soorat-e-Hall”is a thick and unconventional novel consisting of 600 pages and 21 chapters. It is a complex and complex novel. This novel explains various aspects of human psychology. The important elements of human life and basic human desires, wealth, honor, fame and sex, are presented in this novel. How a person chases after these things. We study this through different characters. Like Professor Safdar Sultan, Saeed Kamal (in each character), Irshad and Jabbar, fame, police, theater actors and Seth Safdar Sultan, sex, Saifi and Anila are seen striving to achieve wealth and honor. This is an interesting situation. Along with human characters, there are also some non-human characters in the novel such as megaphone, paperweight, ring, bottle and round table. What a world of film and theater is inhabited in the novel. The author has presented most of the events of the novel through the character Hassan Raza Zaheer. The author has presented an analysis of the psychology of Hassan Raza Zaheer. This novel is different from Mirza Athar Baig's other novels, the only similarity is that the desire to break the kidney has become more intense. Many characters in the novel have the same names. This similarity fuels chaos. You will find glimpses of surrealism. Hassan's situation introduces us to a strange and strange world. In this novel, the rise of civilization, the ideas of world domination through science, political ups and downs, the struggle to create a world record, the style of film script writing and the repetition of eponymous characters make the novel interesting. In this novel, Mirza Athar Baig has used the technique of screenplay. The style, tone and technique of the novel are new experiences. An existential study of the characters in this novel is presented here.

The Selected Characters in the Balochi Folk Tales

2025-12-01T16:13:55+05:00

This research paper described Balochi folk tales with a particular focus on their representative characters, including the king, the old woman, the monster, and various figures from animal fables. The study discusses narrative episodes such as the king’s hunting expedition, during which he becomes thirsty and seeks refuge in the hut of an old woman. The tale further introduces the old woman’s son-in-law, who aspires to marry the princess. The paper also explores mythical creatures, such as the monster who abducts beautiful young women and princesses, highlighting its symbolic function within the folk tradition. In addition, the research analyzes Balochi fables featuring animal characters like the wolf, goat, bear, lion, and fox, illustrating the moral and cultural dimensions embedded in these stories. Overall, the paper critically evaluates how these characters are constructed, represented, and function within the narrative framework of Balochi folk tales.

Sepat in Balochi folklore Childbirth Poetry, Myths, and Beliefs: An Analytical Study

2025-12-01T18:22:06+05:00

Sepat (Childbirth Blessing Poetry) is a form of Balochi folk poetry recited to praise, cherish, and congratulate a mother upon the birth of her newborn. It expresses joy and happiness at the arrival of the baby. Sepat is traditionally performed at specific hours of the night when the women of the community gather to look after and protect the new mother, a practice known as Panagi. The purpose of this gathering is to divert the mother’s mind from the pain she experiences after childbirth and to safeguard her from postpartum distress. In ancient times, it was believed that new mothers were vulnerable to the evil eye and black magic. Therefore, the women of the area would assemble at night and sing Sepat together to shield the mother from any harm. This research work is an attempt to distinguish this form of poetry, such as Chillagi, Kaptoki, and Sepat, from other types of Balochi folk expressions. It also highlights the myths, beliefs, and traditional notions associated with this poetic tradition.

An Analytical Study of Feminist Resistance in Pakistani Women’s Travelogues

2025-12-06T16:27:45+05:00

The concept of “resistance,” derived from Arabic, signifies the human response against oppression, coercion, injustice, and tyranny. Within feminist discourse, resistance becomes a central pillar of women’s struggle for identity, autonomy, and equality. Feminist theory views women not as passive or subordinate figures but as active, conscious, and resistant agents who challenge restrictive social norms and patriarchal structures. In Pakistani women’s travelogues, this resistance emerges through their encounters with social limitations, gender-based inequalities, cultural expectations, and power hierarchies. This study aims to conduct an analytical examination of feminist resistance as reflected in Pakistani women’s travel writing. It explores the literary representation of women’s agency, voice, and struggle, while also analyzing diverse female experiences in travel narratives related to Islamic, Western, and Asian contexts. Adopting an analytical methodology, the research draws upon selected travelogues authored by Pakistani women to assess the forms, expressions, and dimensions of resistance. Findings reveal that women articulate resistance in multiple ways through legal struggle, vocal critique of societal constraints, intellectual assertion, or resilience during conflict and crisis. These travelogues portray resistance not as an abstract idea but as a dynamic, lived, and evolving experience. The study concludes that Pakistani women travel writers present the female subject as empowered, self-aware, and resilient someone who continually asserts her identity, rights, and freedom within diverse socio-cultural settings.