Makhz (Research Journal)

Satire and Humor in the Balochi Language and Literature: A Critical Study

2025-10-02T17:12:25+05:00

Satire and humor have played a significant role in shaping the literary tradition of Balochi, extending beyond modern literature to its neo-classical and classical phases. Classical poetry in Bewargh and Granaz Romantic story incorporated humor and satire in their love story, while in the neo-classical period, the poetry of Tawkali Mast stands as a prominent example. In the modern era, poets including Muhammad Mortani, Akram Sahib Khan, Abid Askani, and Phullan Umar have continued this tradition with notable contributions. Similarly, modern Balochi prose has witnessed the emergence of distinguished satirists such as Muhammad Baig Baigul, Sikkik Azat, Tariq Peshukani, and Essa Gul, who have significantly enriched the genre. The objective of this paper is to examine the contributions of these poets and prose writers, highlighting their role in cultivating satire and humor within the broader framework of Balochi literature. This study seeks to underscore the richness and diversity of Balochi literary expression, particularly in the domain of satire and humor, thereby situating Balochi literature within the global literary landscape.

A Brief Study of the Works of the Writers, Researchers, and Critics of Sindhi Literature

2025-10-07T18:08:46+05:00

Sindhi is an ancient language whose evolution and development journey are different centuries. Sindhi writers, researchers and critics have been promoting their language in literary annals by presenting the best creations, researches and criticisms in Sindhi language on various aspects, highlighting the history, civilization and culture of Sindhi. From ancient times to the present 21st century, Sindhi literature has achieved historical status. Many Creator, researcher, and critical thinker is a visionary who weaves together the threads of art, science, and philosophy to create innovative and thought-provoking works. With a poet's sensitivity and a researcher's rigor, this individual navigates the complexities of human experience, seeking to understand and interpret the world in all its beauty and complexity. Through their work, they challenge assumptions, spark new ideas, and inspire others to think critically and creatively.

A Critical Study of Linguistic Deviation in Novel “Qurbat e Marg Main Muhabat”

2025-10-07T18:14:16+05:00

The study of the linguistic tradition of the Urdu novel indicates that until the twentieth century its language largely conformed to conventional frameworks, where style, syntax, metaphors, similes and orthography reflected the classical expectations of readers. However, the twenty-first-century novelist departed from these conventions by introducing novelty and individuality into language. Different forms of linguistic deviation; syntactic, semantic, morphological and orthographic; emerge as deliberate creative practices within the narrative. Such deviations are not merely acts of breaking tradition; rather, they expand the expressive scope of the language, infuse the text with freshness and open new intellectual and aesthetic possibilities for the reader. Thus, through these linguistic experiments, the Urdu novel contributes not only to the evolution of literary tradition but also offers new dimensions for linguistic scholarship. The current paper focuses on the study of linguistic deviation in the novel “Qurbat e Marg Main Muhabat” by Mustansar Hussain Tarar.

The founder of the English Essay (Light Essay): 'Francis Bacon' - Research and Criticism

2025-10-09T10:54:32+05:00

This paper explores the development of Essay from infancy to maturity. As usual, it started in French with the writings of Montaign. Montaign’s influence was very strong on Francis Bacon who developed it and fit medium for his pragmatic philosophy on range of topics concerning human existence. His Essays are full of worthy wisdom and writthen in terse English. He also brought his scientific understandings in to its main theme thereby making Essays a genere of the sort to be reckoned with. This is significant as, subsequent writers made it at apt vehicle/medium of expression in prose. This study is significant as it not only traces its development but also critique the ways Bacon popularized and brought Essays to the zenith of the standard. The study concludes that this development of Essay in the hands of Bacon was instrumental in not only enlarging the scope of the genre but also encouraged many to test their muscles in prose rather than in verses.

Urdu Ghazals and New Requirements: An Analysis

2025-10-16T16:34:50+05:00

Ghazal is a classical traditional genre, it has been influenced by modernity, but not in the way that novels, short stories and poems have been. Nevertheless, if we study this genre in depth, the ghazal created before the Second World War in response to the capitalist system, the ghazal written artificially in the sixties under the influence of the modernist movement, and the naturally modern ghazal sung in the last quarter of a century, all three experiences seem different. The ghazal that is being sung in Urdu today is naturally compatible with modern life in every respect, in its vocabulary, metaphors and symbols, and subject and thought. The era of modernity in Pakistani society is the present, therefore, modern ghazals in the true sense have been being written since the last quarter of a century. Our naive critics who are looking for post-modernity in Urdu are just like we were looking for modernity in the sixties. This is a needle in a haystack, and as a result, when they look for postmodernism in a work of art, the work of art does not confirm it because it is entirely a product of the effects of postmodernism.

Characters of the Balochi Folk Tale: An Artistic and Narrative Analysis

2025-10-17T18:21:16+05:00

The characters of Balochi folk tales embody the collective consciousness, cultural values, and moral imagination of the Baloch society. Rooted in oral tradition, these characters, ranging from kings, queens, and shepherds to tricksters, lovers, and spiritual figures, reflect the community’s ideals of bravery, loyalty, wisdom, and justice. Through symbolic and archetypal roles, they illustrate the tension between fate and free will, good and evil, and individual and collective identity. Female characters often emerge as powerful symbols of endurance and wisdom, while male figures represent courage and leadership within tribal and moral frameworks. The narrative structure and characterization in Balochi folklore are not merely entertainment but serve as moral, philosophical, and social commentary, linking mythic imagination with historical experience. This study explores how these characters construct cultural identity and express the poetic truth of Baloch collective existence.

Environmental and Climatic Changes in Contemporary Urdu Poetry: A Creative Narrative

2025-10-21T13:17:44+05:00

This study explores the representation of environmental and climatic changes in contemporary Urdu poetry, examining how poets respond creatively to the global ecological crisis. Through a close reading of selected modern poems, the paper investigates how Urdu poets engage with themes such as climate disruption, environmental degradation, deforestation, pollution, and the loss of natural harmony. The research highlights how poetic imagination transforms environmental concerns into powerful metaphors of human alienation, moral decay, and the fractured relationship between man and nature. It also emphasizes the role of Urdu poetry as a creative and ethical medium that not only reflects ecological anxieties but also advocates for environmental awareness and sustainability. The study situates these poetic expressions within the broader framework of eco-criticism and environmental humanities, revealing how Urdu poets merge aesthetics with activism to construct a compelling ecological consciousness in contemporary literature.

Cultural and Historical artifacts in Muhamnad Waseem's Novel "Dhadari

2025-10-21T16:54:52+05:00

Muhammad Waseem Shahid’s novel Dhadhri offers a vivid portrayal of the rich cultural and historical heritage of Dhadhar, a significant yet often overlooked region in Balochistan. Through his personal memories and detailed storytelling, Waseem Shahid highlights Dhadhar’s ancient roots, linking it to civilizations even older than Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. The novel describes how the area became a crossroads for armies and traders, creating a diverse and unique local culture. It captures daily life, from simple village breakfasts and the importance of radio news to the peaceful coexistence of Muslim and Hindu children in schools. Waseem Shahid also emphasizes the strong community bonds, respect for religious figures, and the traditional hospitality that defined Dhadhar. By combining historical events with personal experiences, Dhadhri beautifully preserves and celebrates the spirit of a region full of resilience and cultural depth.

The Formation of the Concept of the Believer: A Philosophical and Critical Study of Bayazid Ansari’s Muqṣad al-Mu'minīn

2025-10-29T17:06:30+05:00

This research offers a philosophical and critical examination of Muqṣad al-Mu'minīn (The Objective of the Believers), the seminal work of the 16th-century Sufi philosopher Bayazid Ansari, also known as Pīr Roshan. The study interprets this text as the culmination of Ansari’s intellectual and spiritual development, reflecting a mature synthesis of his earlier works, Sirat al-Tawhid and Khayr al-Bayan. The paper argues that Ansari envisions Iman (faith) not as a fixed creed but as an evolving process of inner transformation and spiritual realization leading toward Divine proximity. Within this framework, the Mu’min (believer) is one who progresses through a disciplined spiritual path under the guidance of a Murshid Kamil (Perfect Guide), attaining purity of heart and unity with Divine truth. His system integrates Shari‘ah, Tariqah, and Ma‘rifah within a coherent vision of human perfection, where the heart, intellect, and soul harmoniously contribute to the realization of Tawhid (Divine Oneness). The study concludes that Muqṣad al-Mu'minīn is not merely a devotional manual but a comprehensive ethical and philosophical treatise. It presents a sophisticated model of the “Perfect Believer” grounded in sincerity, self-knowledge, and spiritual balance—an approach that remains profoundly relevant in addressing modern crises of faith, morality, and existential purpose.

Amna Mufti's Environmental Consciousness in the Context of Novel"Pani Mur Raha Hai

2025-10-29T17:11:42+05:00

Amna Mufti is a playwright, columnist, novelist and storyteller. Her novel "Pani Mur Raha Hai" gained much fame due to its style, story and narration. It consists of using the experience of dramatization in the novel and has specially arranged the drama in it. This is a warning about the dying rivers and their vengeance, a prophecy that, if not heeded, will bring great floods or dooms of famine and drought. This novel is one that tries to attract our attention and that of our policymakers towards the pressing national and humanitarian problem. It highlights an issue we often take for granted in our normal thinking. This problem may not be serious in the present situation, but in the coming days, there has been a discussion all over the world that water scarcity could lead to a series of global catastrophe.

Urdu Opera: An Analysis

2025-10-29T17:17:30+05:00

“Opera” is a lyrical drama, whose dialogues are sung to the tune of music in the form of poems. As if both poetry and lyrics are essential in an opera, otherwise it does not deserve to be called an opera. A drama in which the musical element predominates is called opera. In grand opera, every dialogue is sung. Initially, this method was considered formal and imitative. In early Italian opera, only ancient Greek and Latin stories were selected for the above. And all the people were given the opportunity to show their essence in turn. Thus, continuity was not maintained in the play. Gluck was the first to raise his voice against this. He and his like-minded artist Deborah created a type of opera like Diegans. Italy, Russia and France have produced famous opera writers. In England, opera is not very popular except for a few plays. It is also called lyrical allegory. The ancient history of drama suggests that opera was performed in the theaters of Greece and Italy, but its revival began in Italy in the 1600s.

A Research Review of the Genres of Brahui Folk Poetry

2025-10-31T12:57:31+05:00

This article explores the diverse forms of Brahui folk poetry, a vital component of the oral tradition of the Brahui-speaking communities in Balochistan and surrounding regions. Rooted in centuries-old cultural practices, Brahui folk poetry encompasses a wide range of genres, including Loli (lullabies), Nazenk (love songs), Leko (epic and heroic ballads) and ritualistic verses used in weddings, mourning, and seasonal celebrations. Each genre reflects the social values, historical consciousness, and emotional expressions of the Brahui people. The study examines the structural characteristics, thematic elements, and performance contexts of these poetic forms, highlighting their role in preserving collective memory and reinforcing cultural identity. By documenting and analyzing these traditions, the article contributes to the broader understanding of indigenous literary forms and the need for their preservation in the face of modernization and linguistic decline

Various Manifestations of Feminine and Social Oppression in Fehmida Riaz's Poetry

2025-11-02T17:59:31+05:00

Fahmida Riaz is a reliable reference in Urdu poetry. Her status among female poets is like the sun in the solar system. The main reference of her poetry is feminism and social oppression. The echo of revolution is also heard in her feminism poetry, and it is through feminism poetry that we can find out the separate existence of women and the political, social and religious problems faced by women. She did not resort to any external ideology in presenting feminism topics, but the statement of feminism issues and the presentation of social oppression topics are purely the result of her inner motivation. She raises a painful rebellion against all kinds of oppression against women, and at the same time she highlights social problems, and she also comes forward as a soldier of the vanguard against all kinds of oppression in society.