Makhz (Research Journal)

The Impact of Globalization on Pashto and Brahui Folktale

2025-04-09T11:24:37+05:00

This study is about the impact of Globalization on the Pashto and Brahui literature (Folktale). As the world has become a Global village, so it has linked the whole world in economic, cultural, political and social aspect. Similarly, the world culture, languages have great impact on each other in translatory form. This study focuses that how the Globalization has decreased the folktale narratory or oral narration among the Pashtun and Brahui communities. This research investigated that the Pashto and Brahui Folktale has limited only to wide range of publications only in Book forms. Finally this study suggests that the Pashto and Brahui folktale should be Filmised, Dramatized, so that these may be generalized and made acquainted to a larger public contact and awareness and in this way these folktales will surely be preserved for the future in era of Globalization.

The Basic Elements and Structure of the Folktales of Milli Hindara

2025-04-18T11:38:45+05:00

In this article, we investigate the basic elements and structure of the stories of Milli Hindara. Just as every story based on basic elements, Milli Hindara also based on some special elements that make its structure different from other stories. In this article, Milli Hindara's stories divided into types such as romantic, epic and reformist stories. Along with this, the elements of Milli Hindara highlighted. This article discusses the plot, themes, supernatural elements, culture, characters, scenery, length, symbolism, brevity of expression and the results of the stories. At the end of the article, concluded that Milli Hindara's stories built on the above-mentioned elements and are such a clear Mirror that every aspect of Pashtun culture vividly reflected in it. Both the intellectual and artistic aspects of it completely encompass the Pashtun society. Future researchers can conduct extensive research on the structural elements of the stories of the Milli Hindara to further value enhancement.

A Research Review of Brahui Proverbs in Rakhshan

2025-04-22T10:44:52+05:00

Proverbs are an integral part of any language, reflecting the cultural, social, and intellectual heritage of the community that speaks it. The article focuses on the proverbs in the Brahui folk literature, particularly in the Rakhshani dialect, which is known for its sweetness and purity. Proverbs, originating from human experiences and wisdom, hold a significant place in linguistic traditions and oral literature. They serve as tools for effective communication, embedding deep meanings in short, metaphorical phrases. The study delves into the origins, definitions, and cultural significance of proverbs, as defined by scholars such as Neal R. Norrick and Wolfgang Mieder. It also highlights the role of Rakhshani dialect proverbs in preserving Brahui cultural identity and their continued relevance in daily life. Finally, the article underscores the need for further research to document and analyze these proverbs comprehensively to safeguard them for future generations.

Mohmand’s Contribution to the Pashto Literature

2025-05-02T12:30:02+05:00

The Mohmands are one of the major Pashtun tribes. This tribe has contributed a lot to the Pashto language and literature, both in prose and poetry. This articles focus on the work of only the selected writers and their services, with immense contribution to the Pashto language and literature reaching its current potential. In the field of Pashto poetry, the work of a number of classical poets, including Rehman Baba, Hameed Baba, Maazullah Khan Momand, Abdul Kabeer and Ameer Khan Hijri has been highlighted. The article also mention work of the poets of the new era who contributed enormously to the field of Pashto poetry including Qalander Momand, Sahibzada Faizi, Raza Momande and Kakaji Sanober Hussain Momand. Similar to Pashto poetry, the article also highlight writers and literary figures from the Momand tribe, including Dost Muhammad Kamil, Qalander Momand, Wazir Muhammad Gul Khan Momand, Khwaja Muhammad Sail and Ayaz Ullah Tarakzai, who have done invaluable work in the field of prose enriching the Pashto language.

An Analysis of Reaction against Censorship in Urdu Short Stories

2025-05-08T16:37:08+05:00

Writers of every era in history have had to face many trials, because speaking and enduring the truth is not an easy task. However, poets and writers have endured the hardships of imprisonment for speaking the truth. Despite restrictions on freedom of expression, they found new ways to convey their inner thoughts. This research paper discusses the restrictions on freedom of expression and the reactions of writers to these limitations in Urdu short stories.

An Analysis of Sayyeda Hasina Gul’s Novel ‘Malaka’ Through A Feminist Lens

2025-05-13T12:04:04+05:00

This research paper explores Sayyeda Haseena Gul’s novel ‘Malaka’ through a feminist lens, highlighting the portrayal of struggles of Pashtun women in a patriarchial society, where their identities are shaped by societal norms and expectations. It explores their emotions, and resistance against patriarchal norms, revealing the intricacies of social hierarchy and its impact on women lives. As one of the pioneering female voices in Pashto literature, Sayyeda Haseena Gul uses fiction as a powerful medium to challenge traditional gender roles and advocate for women’s empowerment. The central character of the novel (Malaka) emerges as a symbol of resilience and autonomy, confronting societal pressures and questioning age-old customs that confine women. Themes such as emotional depth, self-identity, class struggle, cultural traditions and social critique are analyzed to understand the author’s feminist standpoint. This research paper concludes that ‘Malaka’ is not just a narrative of a woman’s life, but a literary manifesto for gender equality in a deeply traditional society.

A Critical Analysis of Orientalism in the Perspective of Iqbal's Philosophy

2025-05-09T14:58:08+05:00

This paper explores the rejection of Orientalism through the lens of Iqbal's thought, presenting a critical engagement with Western academic and cultural discourse. Drawing upon Islamic philosophy and the rich legacy of Muslim intellectual tradition, Iqbal offers a profound critique of Western discourse, particularly the reductionist and hegemonic attitudes embedded within Orientalism. By analyzing Iqbal’s poetry, lectures, and philosophical writings, the paper demonstrates how he challenges the colonial constructs of the East by reasserting the spiritual autonomy and intellectual sovereignty of the Muslim world. The study situates Iqbal within the broader framework of postcolonial critique, aligning his ideas with modern critical theorists such as Edward Said, albeit anticipating them by several decades. It also examines the intricate dynamics between Iqbal and the West, not merely as a binary of opposition, but as a dialogue wherein Iqbal selectively engages with Western philosophy to strengthen the cause of Muslim selfhood. Ultimately, this research highlights Iqbal’s response to Orientalism as a foundational contribution to decolonizing knowledge and reclaiming the dignity of Islamic civilization in the face of colonial knowledge and power.

The Importance of Jirga

2025-05-11T19:31:34+05:00

Jirga has always been given priority in Pashtun belt and is quite effective in the historical perspectives of Pashtun in which Pashtun elder resolve complicated issues, problems and disputes without any conflict, contradiction and discrimination on the basis of their experiences and expertise. Jirga is the best platform where important and major decisions are made that is accepted by all Pashtuns. Jirga is one of the effective institutions in which calture, social and territorial disputes are positively discussed and resolved with justice and sincerity. No body can violate and deny the decisions made in the Jirga. Therefore, Jirga may be functional in this modern era of 2025.

“Bayaaz”, The Memoirs and Diary of Khushal Khan Khattak

2025-05-13T12:13:11+05:00

Khushal Khan Khattak is regarded as a genius and representative figure of Pashto poetry and literature in Asian classical literature due to the comprehensive range of his thematic content. Based on his intellectual diversity, stylistic uniqueness, metrical innovations, and genre experimentation, Khushal Baba holds the distinction of being a pioneer. This research paper attempts to critically and analytically examine one of Khushal Baba’s lesser-known works, commonly referred to as " Bayaz" which is considered one of the earliest examples of diary and memoir subgenres in Pashto autobiographical literature.

Prophetic Strategies of Marriage for Family System Stability: An Applied Study

2025-05-18T23:51:26+05:00

Islam is a universal way of life that guides an individual in all areas of life. The family system is vital in an Islamic society because it fulfills the physical, mental, spiritual, and natural needs of an individual and serves as the basis for social morality, stability, ensuring human survival, and the religious upbringing of children. The prophetic teachings have always geared towards fortifying the structure of the family for the purpose of ensuring cohesive societies. Islamic Family law considers family to be based on ‘Nikah’ which means ‘marriage’. Marriage in Islam is an act of worship and must be performed in a way to safeguard morality, society, and the family. As Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said, marriage prevents social unrest and corruption. It establishes the base for a family unit that is morally and socially stable. In Islam, marriage acts as a source of moral and spiritual safeguard for an individual, and simultaneously preserves a civilization through procreation, maintaining harmony and peace within the society. It is the practical part of this study that makes it worthwhile as it examines real-world problems, all while providing theoretical discussions. The concepts discussed in this study are supported by prophetic teachings in authentic hadith collections and their classical commentators. Today culture is opposing and fragmenting this family system. The structure of families is eroding due to cultural changes, economic difficulties, and an increasing onslaught of technology. The harmony of families is affected by aging relatives, increasing rate of divorce, and deteriorating marriages. The emerging individualistic trends, moral decay, and avoidance of marriage have created a sociological problem. In this context, it is necessary to revisit the methods of ensuring family stability through a prophetic lens. In Islam, balancing modern challenges with Islamic principles of setting caring and protective boundaries for the family is essential to this study. The study aims towards attaining the peaceful family atmosphere while paving the way towards the positive overall development of the society.

Resistance Elements in Kashmir's Urdu Poetry

2025-05-19T00:01:16+05:00

The Urdu poetry of Kashmir is a great literary asset which is reminiscent of natural beauty, cultural diversity and political struggle. The Urdu poetry of Kashmir comprises various themes, which have granted it a special place among literary circles. Natural beauty is one of the prominent themes of that poetry, where descriptions of lakes, mountains and rose gardens equip the same with physical beauty. The instant poetry has linked feelings of love with the natural landscape which provides the reader an emotional and imaginative spectrum. The second most important theme within the Urdu poetry of Kashmir is the national and political perspective. This poetry has adopted within its fold the struggle for independence, sanctity of people's rights and resistance against the oppression. Such pieces of poetry reflect fully the problems faced by the people of Kashmir and their aspirations. Spiritualism and mysticism also have a special place in the Urdu poetry of Kashmir. Sufi poets have presented divine love, affection for mankind and spiritual encounters in their poetry, which instil deeper understanding into the mind of the reader. Social problems such as poverty, ignorance, women's rights and caste system have also been highlighted by the said poetry. This poetry is a voice against the injustice and exploitation of society. Kashmiri poetry has adopted new themes such as man's dilemma and civilizational problems in the wake of modernism and postmodernism. Such themes have blended the instant poetry with deeper literacy cult. Religious and moral themes have always found an important place within the domain of Kashmir poetry, which have duly highlighted humanity, morality and teachings of Islam. The Kashmiri poets have composed pieces of poetry upon longing for peace and horrors of war which truly reflect the significance of global peace and brotherhood.

Four Elements of the Concept of Man as Portrayed by Josh

2025-05-19T00:03:39+05:00

Josh Malih Abadi, in his poetry, has declared man as the centre of gravity and driving force of this Universe. The concept of man's greatness in the Urdu poetry of Josh is unique and revolutionary. He does not place man's greatness and superiority upon spiritual or moral frontiers rather than attribute the same towards man's creative, mental and intellectual abilities. He does not render man as a mere creature but considers him to be a fountain of creativity. For him, the universe owes man his efforts, research and knowledge. The man has transformed the barrenness of land into fertility and cultivated lush green crops with his aptitude and bravery. This is a man who has conquered the breadth of the skies and depth of the seas. The man's spirit of striving is not limited to such achievements rather he has explored far away galaxies and employed the same for man's welfare. This is why Josh declares man to be the driving force behind creation of this universe since he is the one who has elaborated various dimensions to our universe. This concept of man as visualized by Josh is solid and non traditional. According to this philosophy, Josh has declared man to be the epitome of power, authority and mortality.

Modern Research Innovations: Against the backdrop of Inter- Disciplinary Research and Contextual Research

2025-05-19T15:08:18+05:00

The 21st century research in the field of knowledge has become complex, multifaceted and comprehensive activity. Modern research is not restricted to the ideological disciplines but also deeply rooted in practical fields as well. The inter-disciplinary research has, in fact, broadened the field of research. It has acted as a milestone towards introducing research, research understanding, reality, thought and other allied new innovations. Inter-Disciplinary research is such a kind of methodology of research which combines knowledge of various disciplines, their ideologies and processes. Inter-Disciplinary research is such a form of research where scholars from two or more disciplines try to understand a particular problem and present its proposed solutions. It has a combination of various ideologies, terminologies and research methodologies. The style of writing of a specific author is usually termed as context. It embodies his selection of words, application of terminologies, sentence formulation, thoughts, ideas, expressions and tone. Even the often quoted and favourite words, techniques and sounds are also included. Contextual research has not limited the scope of studying literature to meanings only rather it also has brought forward the literary beauty and artistic expertise, the hallmark of an artist's skills and abilities.

A Discourse on Madina Fāzila, Virtuous State, in Muslim Thought: An Overview of Jalāl-Al-Dīn Muḥammad Davānī’s Aḵlāq-e-Jalālī

2025-05-27T09:51:25+05:00

This study focuses on Jālāl-al-Dīn Muḥammad Davānī (1426–1502) as an illustrative figure in Muslim political thought, who offered a comprehensive perspective on the characteristics of an ideal Muslim state. Drawing on Davānī’s magnum opus, Akhlaq-e-Jalālī, the study explores his ethical framework for understanding the interrelationship between the individual, the state, and society. This work remained among the most influential writings on Muslim ethics, particularly in the Indian context, and continued to shape Muslim intellectual discourse and educational curricula well into the late 20th century. Its enduring presence highlights its intellectual relevance and its capacity to inspire ongoing debates on Muslim ethics. This paper concentrates on the third section of Akhlaq-e-Jalālī, which addresses fundamental questions concerning politics, governance, statecraft, and the contested notion of the ideal state, Madina Fāzila (the virtuous city/state). Davānī outlines the constitutive elements of such a state by synthesizing Peripatetic rationalism, Illuminationist metaphysics, and Sufi ethics. Central to his political philosophy is the principle of ‘adl (justice)’ which he regards as requiring morality to permeate political praxis. This morality, rooted in Islamic values and piety, necessitates ethical behavior at individual, familial, societal levels. Consequently, the core components of Davānī’s virtuous state include morally guided citizens, ethical politics, principled statecraft, and an ideal ruler whose actions are rooted in Islamic morality and who surpasses others in knowledge and understanding. Davānī’s conception of the ideal ruler closely parallels Plato’s philosopher-king, though it is reinterpreted through the framework of Islamic ethical thought. In his vision, the virtuous state is one in which morality and justice are not only interdependent but also mutually reinforcing, working together to promote happiness and well-being at both the individual and societal levels.

Ahmad Javed’s Symbolic Strategies in Short Stories

2025-06-06T18:19:49+05:00

In the early era of Urdu short story the trend of realism, romanticism and exemplification remained dominant but besides that symbolic short stories have also been written every now and then. In 1960, symbolism appeared as a clear and flourished trend Ahmad Javed is also counted among symbolist short story writers. He expressed the political, social and economic problems of his time through symbolic style and technique. The effects on humans resulted by political suppression of martial law were only be expressed through symbolism. In this article, the symbolic implication of Ahmad Javed will be discussed.

A Correction Regarding Deputy Nazir Ahmad’s Date of Birth

2025-06-06T18:22:51+05:00

As the founder of the Urdu novel, Deputy Nazir Ahmad holds a distinctive place in the archives of Urdu literature. He provided perceptive representations of Muslim society and genuine pictures of daily life. However, a number of deception about the date of his birth have persisted over time, mostly as a result of researchers' blind acceptance and reiteration of unconfirmed information. Syed Iftikhar Alam Bilgrami, the author of “Hayat-ul-Nazir”, initially mistakenly identified Deputy Nazir Ahmad's birth year as December 6, 1836. Jameel Akhtar later confirmed this date, and Hamid Hasan Qadri even accepted it with a modification, proposing 1833. Ijaz Ali Arshad and Muhammad Suleman later supported Iftikhar Ahmad Siddiqui's thorough research, which proved that 1831 was the right year. An analysis of historical records, firsthand recollections, and contemporary narratives substantiates 1831 as Nazir Ahmad's true birth year.By using reliable and varied sources to determine his actual birthdate, this article seeks to correct such mistakes and advance a more accurate and academic understanding of his life and works.

The Impact of English Language on Social Change in Pakistan

2025-06-13T12:19:25+05:00

This research tests how English as a language impacts upon the social change in Pakistan. This is a country where English is used as official language. There are different basics as media, the way of governance and social interaction which continue to act as catalysts of social change. English is the language which acts as the base for opportunities of education and a force of driving for social change in Pakistan. In this analysis a mixed method approach is used by using interviews from more than 1200 participants. The people related to academia are kept as main stake holders. The expertise of English language influence to access of communication and opportunities which may serve as route for development. The English language in Pakistan may work as social and cultural change for educational development. At the end, the research suggests the different guidelines for social change opportunities at local as well as international level.

The Characterization of Ibn Safi: The Poetic Humor of Ali Imran

2025-06-24T11:06:55+05:00

In Ibn-e-Safi’s novels, the character Ali Imran’s dialogues present excellent examples of “Tazmeen bil Ma’ni al-Mukhalif” the ironic, humorous, or symbolic use of serious poetry. Additionally, his dialogue often showcases the refined use of metaphor (majaz). Ibn-e-Safi skillfully employed both literal and semantic distortion (tahreef-e-lafzi o manavi) to create humor and satire. By shifting the original, serious meaning of poetic verses to new, often comedic or sarcastic contexts, he not only introduced wit but also revealed the character’s intelligence and the layered nature of the situation. Thus, Ibn-e-Safi brought a unique dimension of poetic humor to Urdu detective fiction.