Makhz (Research Journal)

Linguistic Theory of the Balochi Language

Zia Ur Rehman Baloch — 2024-10-02

The Balochi language, spoken primarily in the regions of Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan, has been the subject of various linguistic studies and theories. As a member of the Northwestern Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian language family, Balochi shares linguistic traits with other Iranian languages like Persian and Kurdish. Scholars have debated its origins, with some suggesting that it developed from ancient Iranian languages, while others posit it as a continuation of the Median language. Phonetic, morphological, and syntactic aspects of Balochi reveal a complex structure, shaped by historical migrations and interactions with other languages such as Avesta, old Persian, Sumari, and Madi. The language's dialectal diversity, often categorized into Eastern, Western, and Southern Balochi, further enriches its linguistic profile. Modern linguistic theories about Balochi also explore its endangered status, given the rising influence of dominant languages in the region and the challenges of its preservation. The study of Balochi provides key insights into the linguistic history of the Iranian plateau and the cultural heritage of the Baloch people.

Perspectives on the Third Crusade in the Novel "Malk ul Aziz Varjina"

Asia Raj — 2024-10-12

Abdul Halim Sharar (1860-1926) in his Urdu novel “Malk ul Aziz Varjina” dipicted events and impactas revolving aroud the Third Crusade. This short article is an effort to identify the differences and similarities in fact and fiction in the novel. This novel is in fact a creative rebuttle to Sir Walter Scott's novel on same theme, The Talisman (1825). Walter Scott presented Christian perspective that in view of Sharar need correction. This sensitivity to relegious and national identity was indeed stem from the fact that after the War of Independence in 1857, Muslims of India felt humilated and helpless. The aim of these historical novels writing was to develop sense of glory of Islam in the young generation. After comparing and analyzing the events of the third crusade in the novel with other historical books, some differences and commonalities are revealed which helped in reaching the historical authenticity; and thus, shed light on mutual boundries as well as limitations of the history and the literature.

The fusion of Hindi and Muslim Culture in Manzar Bhopali's Poetry

Antal Zia — 2024-10-13

Manzar Bhopali (Syed Ali Raza) was born on 29/12/1959 in Amravati, Maharashtra, India. Manzar Bhopali relates to a literature family with the father himself poet and the mother as an educationist. His success depends on his poetry in the form of Ghazal, Nazam and Gheet. The undergo research article is based on the relationship between Hindo and Muslim Culture in his poetry. Manzar Bhopali is a very famous poet in Mushairas. Basically, he writes ghazal but has also ventured into other areas of poetry. He has won many awards and has participated in international mushaira.

Column Writing by Zafar Iqbal

Shakeel Amjad Sadiq — 2024-10-29

Zafar Iqbal was associated with Urdu literature since childhood. He started writing poetry during his college studies. His collection of poetry has been published in five volumes under the name "اب تک"which includes thirty of his ghazal collections. There are 3630 Ghazals and 32677 Poems in these collections. The happy thing is that despite his old age, his poetic and literary journey continues. A collection of his critical essays has been published in four volumes under the name of "لا تنقید" Fiqahya columns were printed under the title of "خشت زعفران" and then Faqahya columns were published under the title of "دال دلیا" in four volumes. The collections of Punjabi poetry have been published with the title "پنڈو کڑی" Zafar Iqbal holds a unique and high position in his Punjabi poetry, column, writing and criticism, but his distinction is his approach in Urdu ghazal writing. The description of diverse social, political and economic realities has earned him the sanctity of a multifaceted poet.

"The screening of Indian Hindi films in Pakistan for the Survival of the Pakistani Film Industry"

Raja Kashif — 2024-11-11

Feature films, a powerful medium of mass communication and a visual representation of literature, offer a captivating audio-visual experience. Modern technology enhances this experience, making films an integral part of contemporary life. As a rich medium for reflecting on human nature, films provide unique insights into diverse cultures, challenging stereotypes, and fostering understanding. This paper examines the socio-political phenomenon of Indian Hindi film screenings in Pakistan. Despite political divisions in the subcontinent, films serve as a valuable tool for studying and promoting soft social change. This analysis explores the complex interplay of political and social factors that influence the reception and impact of Indian Hindi films in Pakistan.

An Introductory Study of Persian Islamic Literature in 4thand 5thCentury Hijri

Naseem ur Rehman — 2024-11-14

Persian literature began with the advent of Islam. The earliest works of the Persian language were written in the early centuries of Islam. Along with poetry and literature, there are several historical and religious works in Persian literature. The 4th and 5th centuries Hijri are significant in that most of the Persian religious books were written in these centuries, some of which such as "Kashf al-Mahjub" and "Kemiya-e-Sa’adat" are still popular today. In this paper, a brief introduction to the religious books written in the 4th and 5th centuries of Hijri has been introduced.

An Introduction and Review of the Manuscript of the Pandit Lachhmi Ram Sarwar Lakhnavi’s Dewan

Amna Afzal — 2024-11-15

Persian language and literature have a rich and deep-rooted history in the Indian subcontinent. The arrival of Iranian poets in India created a fertile environment for local poets to adopt Persian as a medium for their poetic expressions. This attraction to Persian was not limited to Muslim poets; people of other faiths, particularly Hindus, also embraced the language. Among these poets was Pandit Lachhmi Ram Sarwar Lakhnavi, a prominent Persian poet from the subcontinent during the latter half of the 12th century Hijri and the early half of the 13th century Hijri. He initially resided in Kashmir before migrating to Lucknow. His dewan, or collection of poetry, comprises three hundred ghazals, two tarji'-bands, and one masnavi. There are three known manuscripts of his dewan: two are preserved in the library of Punjab University in Lahore, Pakistan, and one is housed in the British Museum in London, United Kingdom. This article examines these versions in detail.