Makhz (Research Journal)

Feminist Discussions in Brahui Poetry: A Research Review

Faiza Ali Shah — 2025-07-05

Feminism is a movement that originated in the West, aimed at fighting against the oppression and exploitation faced by women in society and advocating for their rights and issues. In the Brahui society, which is known for its conservative nature, women are still exploited under the name of Suryat (a social practice), and are subjected to blood money. If a woman dares to assert herself by choosing her life partner, she is condemned as immoral and silenced. Poetry, which is often regarded as the voice of revolution, depicts the highs and lows of society, attempting to reform it. However, the majority of Brahui poets have shown criminal neglect in addressing these matters. Even in this modern age, their poetry remains focused on the beauty of nature, the features and charms of the beloved, and the delicate nuances of romanticism. In Brahui society, the attitude towards women, under the guise of customs and traditions, has never been openly criticized in poetry or prose. Among Brahui poets, Professor Tahira Ehsaas Jattak and Afzal Murad are two poets who have openly or subtly, through hints and allusions, addressed feminist themes in their work.

Elements of Tragedy in The Writings of Krishan Chander

Syed Nadeem Jafar — 2025-07-12

This paper explores the fictional universe of Krishan Chander, a prominent voice in modern South Asian literature, whose work is marked by exceptional versatility and emotional resonance. Focusing on seminal novels such as Shikast, Ghadar, Barf Ke Phool, Ek Aurat Hazaar Diwaane, and Aasmaan Roshan Hai, the study delves into the recurring themes of defeat, love, social alienation, and moral conflict. Through a critical examination of narrative structures and thematic depth, this research highlights how Chander’s fiction not only foregrounds the anguish of the common man but also critiques the deep-rooted social evils plaguing society. Central to his work are depictions of historical trauma, personal grief, and the disruption of traditional values, all set against the backdrop of class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. With a tone of empathy and sharp social commentary, Chander’s narratives offer a stark reflection on human suffering and tragedy, positioning his literature as a profound lens through which the fractured realities of modern South Asia can be understood.

Rehman Baba: The Poet of Allegories

Hassan Zaib — 2025-07-22

This study examines the use of allegory in the poetry of Rahman Baba, a renowned Pashto classical poet. The research aims to demonstrate how Rahman Baba effectively employs allegory in his work. The findings of this study reveal that Rahman Baba's mastery of allegory is a hallmark of his poetic style. The study concludes that a detailed analysis of Rahman Baba's poetry, as well as that of other Pashto classical poets, is necessary to further identify and understand the allegorical elements in their work. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of Pashto classical poetry and its literary devices.

Tanqedi Istalahat ka Touzeehe mutala, "Muqadma Sher-o-Sha'eri k Tanazar Mein"

Gul Abbas Awan — 2025-07-22

"Muqaddama e Shair o Shairi" by Altaf Hussein Hali is one of the books which can be called the first recognized book on criticism in Urdu. Before it, we have only sentences which give a hint of "Ta'assurati Tanqeed" (Expressional Criticism) in the context of fasahat o balaghat, ilme uruz, ilme qafia, but Hali took it seriously and theorized the discipline of criticism. He made use of the concepts of Western critics like Milton and maintained the necessity of simplicity, ability and passion in poetry. Similarly he stressed the importance of imagination, the study of the universe and eloquence of words to achieve excellence in poetry. For this purpose, he made his point clear in "Muqaddama e Shair o Shairi" by using many current and new terms. This article will analyze these terms and trops used by Hali in this book in order to highlight the significance of this very first book on literary criticism in Urdu. Hali belonged to the Sir Sayyed school of thought. This school was founded on the purposeful literature. The terms used by Hali revolve around this thought, which accorded literature with the socio-political and cultural consciousness of the age. Many of these terms are used frequently in Urdu, but Hali has given Urdu literary criticism a new dimension by imparting these terms new meanings. In this connection, it was quite essential to analyze these terms.

The Rural Scene in the Short Stories of Jamila Hashmi

Nasir Iqbal Khan — 2025-07-29

Jamila Hashmi is a renowned fiction writer of Urdu literature. She has gained immense popularity in short stories and novels. In her novels, she has left an impression of individuality that Urdu literary circles can never forget. Taking advantage of the vast canvas of the novel, she has beautifully highlighted various aspects of society, in which the supremacy of men over women comes to the fore as an important aspect. Several novels by Jamila Hashmi have come to the fore. Her social novels include “Talaash-e-Baharan”, “Jog Ki Raat”, “Aatsh-e-Rafta” and “Rohi”. “Talaash-e-Baharan” is her best novel. She has also been awarded the Adamji Award for it. It was first published in June 1961 by Urdu Academy Sindh, Karachi. Along with social novels, Jamila Hashmi has also written two successful historical novels titled "Face to Face" and "Dasht Sous". Jamila Hashmi has three collections of short stories, including "Aap Beti Jag Beti", "Apna Apna Jahannam" and "Rang-e-Bhoom". This article is discussed about her short stories.

Iqbal's Ideal Society and Contemporary Moral Issues

Musarrat-Un- Nisa — 2025-07-30

Allama Muhammad Iqbal, a visionary philosopher and poet, proposed an ideal society that intertwined spiritual enlightenment, intellectual development and social justice. His concept of an ideal society was based on the foundational principles of self-realization, ethical responsibility and communal harmony. Iqbal's philosophy emphasized the need for a society where individuals were not only free to pursue personal growth but also committed to the collective well-being of humanity. He championed the ideas of spiritual awakening, unity and social justice, urging that societies thrive when these principles are actively upheld. In the context of contemporary moral issues, Iqbal's vision offers valuable insights into the ethical challenges faced by modern societies. Issues such as materialism, social inequality and the moral decline in modern times echo Iqbal’s concerns about the imbalance between material pursuits and spiritual fulfillment. His critique of globalization, coupled with the erosion of cultural identities, remains highly relevant in today’s interconnected world. Furthermore, Iqbal’s emphasis on education as a tool for cultivating both intellectual and moral character speaks to the ethical gaps in today’s educational systems where knowledge often overlooks the importance of ethical development. Iqbal’s ideal society, though rooted in timeless values provides a critical framework for addressing the complexities of modern life, advocating for a holistic approach where spiritual, intellectual and moral dimensions of human existence are harmonized for societal progress.

A Study of Contemporary Pashto Ghazal of Malakand in the Context of Environmental Pollution

Ibad Ur Rahman — 2025-07-30

Ecocriticism sets up an association between humans and the natural environment and pleads solutions to the problems faced by the natural world. Environmental pollution is one of the fabulous ecological consequences of our time, and human beings are responsible for it. Pollution exists in many forms, including land pollution, water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution, chemical pollution, and nuclear pollution. This article will examine and highlight various aspects of the environmental pollution mentioned in the contemporary Pashto ghazal of Malakand Division.

Intellectual and imaginative Review of Dramas Broadcast on Azad Jammu and Kashmir Television

Sadia Jan — 2025-08-02

The dramas of Azad Jammu and Kashmir present a rich blend of artistic expression and intellectual depth. These dramatic works often reflect the cultural identity, historical background, and social issues of the region. On the aesthetic (funi) side, they showcase local traditions, language, scenic beauty, and folklore through compelling storytelling, characters, and dialogues. The use of regional dialects and natural settings adds emotional realism and artistic beauty. From an intellectual (fikri) perspective, these dramas highlight issues like freedom, identity, migration, education, women’s rights, and social justice. Writer use drama as a tool to raise awareness and promote dialogue on complex matters. Themes often revolve around nationalism, sacrifice, and human dignity, offering a deep insight into the socio-political realities of the region. Overall the dramas from Azad Jammu and Kashmir serve as a mirror of society, combining entertainment with thoughtful commentary, and play a vital role in preserving culture and inspiring reflection.

Ijtihad in 21st Century and Technology: A Comparative Study

Ammara Tahir — 2025-08-02

This research Paper explores the intellectual correlation and practical; harmony between Ijtihad (Islamic jurisprudential reasoning) and modern technology. Ijtihad is a foundational concept in Islamic law that enables dynamic problem-solving through the interplay of reason and scriptural sources, while technology represents a force of rapid change; introducing new challenges in social, scientific, and ethical spheres. The paper highlights how technology can enhance the scope, speed, and accessibility of Ijtihad, and how collaboration between Islamic scholars and technologists can yield contextually relevant religious solutions. The study concludes that integrating technology within the framework of Ijtihad; is a crucial need of the time, provided it remains aligned with the higher objectives (Maqasid al-Shariah) of Islamic law

An Intellectual Exploration of Historicism and New Historicism in Intizar Hussain’s Novel "Basti"

Tahir Abbas Tayb — 2025-08-03

Intizar Hussain's novel Basti is a masterpiece of Urdu literature that not only tells the story of an individual but also sums up the historical, cultural and social conflicts of the entire subcontinent. This article presents a critical analysis of the novel Basti in the light of the theories of "Historicism" and "New-Historicism". The novel portrays themes such as the Partition of subcontinent, migration, the crisis of identity, and the collapse of traditional civilization through both personal memory and collective experience. The central character, Zaakir, represents not only individual consciousness but also a collective subconscious that constantly interrogates historical events and their meanings. The purpose of this study is to illustrate how Intizar Hussain treats history not in a conventional way but as an intellectual and cultural experiment. For him, history is not static but a dynamic, ambiguous, and constantly changing phenomenon. This study reveals that Intizar Hussain does not simply recount history; he reshapes it through narrative, turning Basti into a profound philosophical and intellectual reflection on the nature of history itself.

The Influence of Iqbal Studies: Interpreting Intellectual Evolution in Balochistan’s Urdu Tele-Dramas

BiBi Tania — 2025-08-03

This research paper analyzes the profound influence of Iqbalian philosophy (Iqbal Shinaasi) on Urdu television dramas produced in Balochistan between 2001 and 2016. Focusing primarily on the works of playwright Shakeel Adnan Hashmi (e.g., Irtaqa, Manzilen, Ba Hukm Azan), it demonstrates how core concepts from Allama Iqbal's thought—such as Khudi (Selfhood), Tarbiyat-e-Khudi (Cultivation of the Self), the struggle between good and evil, spiritual enlightenment over materialism, and divinely inspired action—were woven into dramatic narratives. The study employs textual analysis of scripts and character dialogues to reveal how these dramas used Iqbal's poetry and philosophy not merely as decorative elements, but as central thematic drivers to impart moral, spiritual, and socio-political lessons. Characters like Baba Khizr (Irtaqa) and Shahryar (Manzilen) embody the ideals of the "Mard-e-Momin" (Perfect Man), navigating trials that mirror Iqbal's stages of self-development. Dialogues frequently incorporate Iqbal's verses directly to reinforce themes of resisting tyranny, prioritizing inner vision (Dil-e-Bina), and seeking divine proximity (Niyabat-e-Ilahi). The paper argues that these dramas served a significant reformist (Islahi) purpose within Baloch society, using the accessible medium of television to promote Iqbal's vision of individual and collective renaissance grounded in Islamic ethics and self-realization, particularly during a period marked by socio-political instability in the region.

The Historical and Cultural Layers in the Travelogues of Altaf Yousafzai

Misbah Barkat — 2025-08-03

Travel is not merely a movement across geographical boundaries, but a journey of self-realization infused with civilizational and historical consciousness. In Urdu literature, the tradition of travel writing has never been confined to physical observations alone; rather, it has encompassed layers of culture, history, psychology, society, and identity. Dr. Altaf Yousafzai’s travelogues stand as a significant and intellectual contribution to this modern tradition. His travel narratives Thailand ke Rang, Neel ke Sang, and Bekhaal Hindosh Bakhsham are not mere tourist accounts, but thoughtful engagements with intercultural dialogue, historical memory, and the inner psyche of a Muslim traveler. This paper, through selected textual references, demonstrates how Altaf Yousafzai crafts a symbolic and reflective narrative that bridges the past and the present, East and West, faith and modernity. His prose reveals not only a personal lens but also a broader civilizational commentary, reviving historical consciousness and inviting intellectual reflection. For him, history is not a static recollection of the past but a living framework for interpreting the present and shaping the future.

Ajeet Kaur’s Novel “Gori”: The Absurdity of Relationships and Primal Desires

Shaista Hamid Khan — 2025-08-09

The tragedy of Gori is that she was always a victim of the tyranny of relationships. Abandoned by her parents and blamed by her grandmother from a tender age, she was later exploited and objectified by Babu Ram, who initially enticed her with the promise of familial belonging, only to deny her the rightful status of a wife. Gori’s dignity and autonomy were repeatedly stripped away. This study explores Gori’s quest for authentic relationships, revealing a life characterized by emotional disconnection and existential meaninglessness.

A Research-Based and Critical Analysis of Bashir Ahmad Nahvi’s Miscellaneous Iqbal Studies

Talib Hussain Hashmi — 2025-08-11

This study presents a research-based critical analysis of the diverse works of Bashir Ahmad Nahvi on Iqbal Studies, exploring his scholarly engagement with Allama Iqbal’s philosophy, poetry, and socio-political thought. Nahvi’s contributions span multiple genres, including literary criticism, philosophical interpretation, historical contextualization, and thematic exegesis of Iqbal’s works. The research examines how Nahvi interprets Iqbal’s concepts of Khudi (selfhood), Islamic revivalism, spirituality, and socio-political consciousness, highlighting his unique analytical approach rooted in both classical scholarship and modern critical frameworks. The paper critically evaluates the methodological strengths and possible limitations of Nahvi’s writings, identifying the ways in which his scholarship enriches contemporary understanding of Iqbal’s intellectual legacy. Special emphasis is placed on Nahvi’s ability to bridge the gap between traditional interpretations of Iqbal and modern literary-theoretical discourse, making his works relevant to present-day academic and cultural contexts. By assessing Nahvi’s diverse Iqbaliat writings through both thematic and stylistic lenses, this research aims to underline his role as a significant voice in the field of Iqbal Studies.

Allama Iqbal Open University's "Department of Pakistani Languages", Punjabi and National Language

Wasif Latif — 2025-08-13

Allama Iqbal Open University was established in May 1974 while in addition to various departments of the university, the "Department of Pakistani languages" was started in 1998 for the development and promotion of regional languages with the aim of promoting national unity and national harmony, informing students about the common impressions of Pakistani languages and inter linguistics coordination to enhance the sphere of understanding and knowing. The connections and common literary introduction and tendencies were to be highlighted. After that M. Phil and Ph. D programs from the same department were also started and are running very successfully up till now. The medium of instruction in the "Department of Pakistani Languages" which deals with 18 languages, which is also national and official language of Pakistan. So, a research scholar has the option to write his research thesis in English or Urdu in addition to his regional language. With the establishment of this department, where the opportunities for the advancement of higher education and high-grade research in regional languages become possible. So, due Urdu language all the work done in terms of curriculum development and research activities are Urdu language and literature also got a boost. In this article, the services of the "Department of Pakistani languages" with respect to Punjabi language and literature are discussed and analyzed through which the prominent role of this department for the promotion of national language gains immense importance.

Rashid Ahmed Siddiqui's Autobiography "Ashifat Bayani Meri" in a Social Context

Muhammad Rahman — 2025-08-19

"Ashfat Bayani Meri" is the autobiography of Rashid Ahmed Siddiqui. He was born in 1894 in a village of Jaunpur district of UP. He lived in Jaunpur till his matriculation. Then he came to Aligarh for higher education. When a college was established in 1912, he was reinstated as a professor. When the university was established, a department of Urdu literature was also established in it and he was made the head of the department. He died in 1977. He was also awarded the Sahitya Academi Award and the Padma Shri for literature and education. His famous works include "Khandan", "Ganj Hai Granmayah" and "Taniyat Wamzahakat". Rashid Ahmed Siddiqui's autobiography "Ashfat Bayani Meri" is actually a commentary on your Aligarh University (MAO College). In it, you have also described different aspects of your life. However, the love for Aligarh and its long mention do not let the rest of your life shine in the eyes of the reader and it feels as if this autobiography is dedicated to Aligarh alone. A special thing about this autobiography is that Rashid Ahmed Siddiqui has also mentioned various personalities in it. While reading this autobiography, the reader goes into the valley of history, the beauty of words and sentences, the decency of language, the skill of using poetry, and many good things at the same time. This also indicates the dark corners of Rashid Sahib's academic life. And there are "funnies".

Metamodernism: A New Aesthetic Narrative Beyond Postmodernism

Mustansar Hussain Jami — 2025-08-23

This paper examines metamodernism as a new aesthetic narrative that arises beyond postmodernism, while still drawing upon the legacies of both modernism and postmodernism. The discussion opens with a brief philosophical prelude on God, man, and the universe, not as a central argument but as a contextual backdrop for understanding shifts in intellectual thought. The core of the paper situates metamodernism as an oscillatory sensibility that balances sincerity and irony, belief and doubt, detachment and commitment. In contrast to the skepticism of postmodernism and the certainty of modernism, metamodernism is shown to recover meaning, emotional depth, and human interiority without abandoning critical self-awareness. The paper also critiques the unreflective imitation of Western critical paradigms in Urdu criticism, emphasizing instead the importance of situating literary theories within their socio-cultural environments. Ultimately, it argues that metamodernism, at its current stage, should be engaged with as a theoretical framework rather than an applied literary practice.