Romanticism and Iqbal

Abstract

This study explores the distinctive manifestation of Romanticism in the poetry of Allama Iqbal. Romanticism, a literary movement originating in eighteenth-century Europe, emphasizes emotion, imagination, spiritual quest, aesthetic appreciation of nature, and individual freedom over rigid rationality and classical conventions. In Urdu literature, Romanticism emerged as a reaction to realism and classical norms, focusing on internal human experiences rather than merely external reality. Iqbal’s early poetry, particularly in Bang-e-Dra, reflects quintessential Romantic traits such as vivid depictions of nature, deep emotional engagement, imaginative flights, and a reverence for the past. However, Iqbal integrates these elements with philosophical insight, spiritual consciousness, and socio-political activism. His poetry elevates the concept of selfhood (khudi), love, and active engagement with the world, transforming Romantic sensibilities into a vehicle for moral, spiritual, and national rejuvenation. This study also highlights how Iqbal adapts Romantic ideals to an Islamic and Eastern worldview.  His Romanticism inspires ethical action, personal growth, and collective awakening. By blending internal emotional depth with external purpose, Iqbal’s poetry presents a unique synthesis of Romanticism, spirituality, and intellectual rigor, making it a pivotal chapter in the evolution of Urdu literature.